28 Oktober 1991 / Indonesian troops had located a group of resistance members in Dili’s Motael Church. A confrontation ensued between pro-integration activists and those in the church; when it was over, one man on each side was dead. Sebastião Gomes, a supporter of independence for East Timor, was taken out of the church and shot by Indonesian troops, and integration activist Afonso Henriques was stabbed and killed during the fight
12 November 1991 / Insiden Santa Cruz di Timor Timur. A number of foreigners had come to East Timor to observe the Portuguese delegation, including independent US journalists Amy Goodman and Allan Nairn, and British cameraman Max Stahl. They attended a memorial service for Gomes on 12 November, during which several thousand men, women, and children walked from the Motael Church to the nearby Santa Cruz cemetery. Along the way, members of the group pulled out protest banners and East Timorese flags, chanted slogans, and taunted Indonesian soldiers and police officers.[6] Organizers of the protest maintained order during the protest; although it was loud, the crowd was peaceful and orderly, by most accounts.[7] It was the largest and most visible demonstration against the Indonesian occupation since 1975. A brief confrontation between Indonesian troops and protesters, Major Gerhan Lantara was stabbed.[9] Stahl claims Lantara had attacked a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and FRETILIN activist Constâncio Pinto reports eyewitness accounts of beatings from Indonesian soldiers and police.[10][11] When the procession reached the cemetery, the leading section of the procession entered the cemetery while many continued their protests before the cemetery wall, waving flags and chanting pro-independence slogans. Indonesian troops had been standing by during this time, then a new group of 200 Indonesian soldiers appeared and began shooting.[12] Fleeing people ran through the main entrance and deeper into the cemetery and were pursued by the soldiers.
The massacre was witnessed by two American journalists—Amy Goodman and Allan Nairn (who were also attacked)—and caught on videotape by Max Stahl, who was filming undercover for Yorkshire Television. As Stahl filmed the massacre, Goodman and Nairn tried to “serve as a shield for the Timorese” by standing between them and the Indonesian soldiers. The soldiers began beating Goodman, and when Nairn moved to protect her, they beat him with their weapons, fracturing his skull.[13] The camera crew managed to smuggle the video footage to Australia. They gave it to Saskia Kouwenberg, a Dutch journalist to avoid it being seized and confiscated by Australian authorities, who had been tipped off by Indonesia and subjected the camera crew to a strip-search when they arrived in Darwin. The video footage was used in the First Tuesday documentary In Cold Blood: The Massacre of East Timor, shown on ITV in the UK in January 1992, as well as numerous other, more recent documentaries. Stahl’s footage, combined with the testimony of Nairn and Goodman and others, caused outrage around the world.[14]
At least 250 East Timorese were killed in the massacre.[15] John Pilger cites a total of 400 killed and missing as a result of the protest killings and an alleged second massacre the next day.[16] One of the dead was a New Zealander, Kamal Bamadhaj, a political science student and human rights activist based in Australia. Although Indonesian authorities described the incident as a spontaneous reaction to violence from the protesters or a “misunderstanding”,[17] two factors cast doubt on their characterization. One was the documented history of mass violence committed by Indonesian troops in places such as Quelicai, Lacluta, and Kraras.[18] The other factor was a series of statements from politicians and officers in Indonesia, justifying the military’s violence. Try Sutrisno, Commander-in-Chief of the Indonesian forces, said two days after the massacre: “The army cannot be underestimated. Finally we had to shoot them. Delinquents like these agitators must be shot, and they will be
11 Maret 1993 / PBB, lewat Komisi Hak Azasi Manusia, mengeluarkan Resolusi yang berisi keperdulian dan perhatian lebih terhadap Hak Azasi Manusia di Timor Timur
5 Maret 1998 / Dua puluh mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia mendatangi Gedung DPR/MPR untuk menyatakan penolakan terhadap pidato pertanggungjawaban presiden yang disampaikan pada Sidang Umum MPR dan menyerahkan agenda reformasi nasional. Mereka diterima Fraksi ABRI (ANTARA)
11 Maret 1998 / Soeharto dan BJ Habibie disumpah menjadi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden (ANTARA)
14 Maret 1998 / Soeharto mengumumkan kabinet baru yang dinamai Kabinet Pembangunan VII. (ANTARA)
15 April 1998 / Soeharto meminta mahasiswa mengakhiri protes dan kembali ke kampus karena sepanjang bulan ini mahasiswa dari berbagai perguruan tinggi swasta dan negeri melakukan berunjukrasa menuntut dilakukannya reformasi politik. (ANTARA)
18 April 1998 / Menteri Pertahanan dan Keamanan/Panglima ABRI Jendral Purn. Wiranto dan 14 menteri Kabinet Pembangunan VII mengadakan dialog dengan mahasiswa di Pekan Raya Jakarta namun cukup banyak perwakilan mahasiswa dari berbagai perguruan tinggi yang menolak dialog tersebut. (ANTARA)
1 Mei 1998 / Soeharto melalui Menteri Dalam Negeri Hartono dan Menteri Penerangan Alwi Dachlan mengatakan bahwa reformasi baru bisa dimulai tahun 2003. (ANTARA)
2 Mei 1998 / Pernyataan itu diralat dan kemudian dinyatakan bahwa Soeharto mengatakan reformasi bisa dilakukan sejak sekarang (tahun 1998-red). (ANTARA)
4 Mei 1998 / Mahasiswa di Medan, Bandung dan Yogyakarta menyambut kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak ( 2 Mei 1998 ) dengan demonstrasi besar- besaran. Demonstrasi itu berubah menjadi kerusuhan saat para demonstran terlibat bentrok dengan petugas keamanan. Di Universitas Pasundan Bandung, misalnya, 16 mahasiswa luka akibat bentrokan tersebut. (ANTARA)
5 Mei 1998 / Demonstrasi mahasiswa besar – besaran terjadi di Medan yang berujung pada kerusuhan. (ANTARA)
9 Mei 1998 / Soeharto berangkat ke Kairo, Mesir untuk menghadiri pertemuan KTT G -15. Ini merupakan lawatan terakhirnya keluar negeri sebagai Presiden RI. (ANTARA)
12 Mei 1998 / Aparat keamanan menembak empat mahasiswa Trisakti yang berdemonstrasi secara damai. Keempat mahasiswa tersebut ditembak saat berada di halaman kampus. (ANTARA)
13 Mei 1998 / Mahasiswa dari berbagai perguruan tinggi di Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, dan Bekasi datang ke Kampus Trisakti untuk menyatakan duka cita. Kegiatan itu diwarnai kerusuhan. (ANTARA)
14 Mei 1998 / Soeharto seperti dikutip koran, mengatakan bersedia mengundurkan diri jika rakyat menginginkan. Ia mengatakan itu di depan masyarakat Indonesia di Kairo. Sementara itu kerusuhan dan penjarahan terjadi di beberapa pusat perbelanjaan di Jabotabek seperti Supermarket Hero, Super Indo, Makro, Goro, Ramayana dan Borobudur. Beberapa dari bagunan pusat perbelanjaan itu dirusak dan dibakar. Sekitar 500 orang meninggaldunia akibat kebakaran yang terjadi selama kerusuhan terjadi. (ANTARA)
15 Mei 1998 / Soeharto tiba di Indonesia setelah memperpendek kunjungannya di Kairo. Ia membantah telah mengatakan bersedia mengundurkan diri. Suasana Jakarta masih mencekam. Toko – toko banyak di tutup. Sebagian warga pun masih takut keluar rumah. (ANTARA)
16 Mei 1998 / Warga asing berbondong – bondong kembali ke negeri mereka. Suasana di Jabotabek masih mencekam. (ANTARA)
19 Mei 1998 / Soeharto memanggil sembilan tokoh Islam seperti Nurcholis Madjid, Abdurachman Wahid, Malik Fajar, dan KH Ali Yafie. Dalam pertemuan yang berlangsung selama hampir 2,5 jam (molor dari rencana semula yang hanya 30 menit) itu para tokoh membeberkan situasi terakhir, dimana eleman masyarakat dan mahasiswa tetap menginginkan Soeharto mundur. Permintaan tersebut ditolak Soeharto. Ia lalu mengajukan pembentukan Komite Reformasi. Pada saat itu Soeharto menegaskan bahwa ia tak mau dipilih lagi menjadi presiden. Namun hal itu tidak mampu meredam aksi massa, mahasiswa yang datang ke Gedung MPR untuk berunjukrasa semakin banyak. Sementara itu Amien Rais mengajak massa mendatangi Lapangan Monumen Nasional untuk memperingati Hari Kebangkitan Nasional. (ANTARA)
20 Mei 1998 / Jalur jalan menuju Lapangan Monumen Nasional diblokade petugas dengan pagar kawat berduri untuk mencegah massa masuk ke komplek Monumen Nasional namun pengerahan massa tak jadi dilakukan. Pada dinihari Amien Rais meminta massa tak datang ke Lapangan Monumen Nasional karena ia khawatir kegiatan itu akan menelan korban jiwa. Sementara ribuan mahasiswa tetap bertahan dan semakin banyak berdatangan ke gedung MPR / DPR. Mereka terus mendesak agar Soeharto mundur. (ANTARA)
21 Mei 1998 / Di Istana Merdeka, Kamis, pukul 09.05 Soeharto mengumumkan mundur dari kursi Presiden dan BJ. Habibie disumpah menjadi Presiden RI ketiga. (ANTARA)
30 Agustus 1999 / The referendum was the result of the “Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor” and was held to determine whether East Timor would remain part of Indonesia, as a Special Autonomous Region, or separate from Indonesia. [1]. The referendum was organized and monitored by the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) and 450,000 people were registered to vote including 13,000 outside East Timor.
20 September 1999 / Australian-led peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action, with US President Bill Clinton eventually threatening Indonesia, in dire economic straits already, with the withdrawal of IMF loans. The Indonesian government consented to withdraw its troops and allow a multinational force into Timor to stabilize the area. It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to combat the paramilitary forces directly. Instead, the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as INTERFET (International Force for East Timor), with Security Council Resolution 1264.[14] Troops were contributed by 17 nations, about 9,900 in total. 4,400 came from Australia, the remainder mostly from South-East Asia.[15] The force was led by Major-General (now General) Peter Cosgrove
19 Oktober 1999 / Of the 451,792 registered voters 94,388 (21)% voted to accept the proposed autonomy and 344,580 (78.5%) voted to reject the proposed autonomy, turnout was estimated to be 95%. [3] The Indonesian government accepted the result on 19 October 1999 by repealing the laws that formally annexed East Timor to Indonesia.
25 Oktober 1999 / The administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), established on 25 October 1999.[16] The INTERFET deployment ended on 14 February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.
EXCERPTS :
dang Umum MPR (Maret 1998) memilih Suharto dan B.J. Habibie sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden RI untuk masa jabatan 1998-2003. Presiden Suharto membentuk dan melantik Kabinet Pembangunan VII.
b. Pada bulan Mei 1998, para mahasiswa dari berbagai daerah mulai bergerak menggelar demonstrasi dan aksi keprihatinan yang menuntut penurunan harga barang-barang kebutuhan (sembako), penghapusan KKN, dan mundurnya Suharto dari kursi kepresidenan.
c. Pada tanggal 12 Mei 1998, dalam aksi unjuk rasa mahasiswa Universitas Trisakti Jakarta telah terjadi bentrokan dengan aparat keamanan yang menyebabkan empat orang mahasiswa (Elang Mulia Lesmana, Hery Hartanto, Hafidhin A. Royan, dan Hendriawan Sie) tertembak hingga tewas dan puluhan mahasiswa lainnya mengalami luka-luka. Kematian empat mahasiswa tersebut mengobarkan semangat para mahasiswa dan kalangan kampus untuk menggelar demonstrasi secara besar-besaran.
d. Pada tanggal 13-14 Mei 1998, di Jakarta dan sekitarnya terjadi kerusuhan massal dan penjarahan sehingga kegiatan masyarakat mengalami kelumpuhan. Dalam peristiwa itu, puluhan toko dibakar dan isinya dijarah, bahkan ratusan orang mati terbakar.
e. Pada tanggal 19 Mei 1998, para mahasiswa dari berbagai perguruan tinggi di Jakarta dan sekitarnya berhasil menduduki gedung MPR/DPR
No Comments » 